{"id":214,"date":"2013-12-28T20:39:33","date_gmt":"2013-12-28T20:39:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/?p=214"},"modified":"2014-04-22T09:28:22","modified_gmt":"2014-04-22T09:28:22","slug":"heraclite-ou-la-lumiere-de-lobscur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/2013\/12\/28\/heraclite-ou-la-lumiere-de-lobscur\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u00e9raclite, ou la lumi\u00e8re de l’obscur"},"content":{"rendered":"

On ne sait si le sage d\u2019Eph\u00e8se, t\u00eate pench\u00e9e et se frottant les mains, se r\u00e9jouit d\u2019avoir tourn\u00e9 en d\u00e9rision l\u2019un de ces beaux parleurs au discours superficiel qu\u2019il abhorre tant, ou s\u2019il est plong\u00e9 dans un profond \u00e9tat d\u2019affliction devant un univers\u00a0 – figur\u00e9 ici par un globe terrestre – aveugle et absurde, o\u00f9 le d\u00e9sordre reste la loi.<\/p>\n

\"H\u00e9raclite,<\/a>
H\u00e9raclite, par Johannes Moreelse (vers 1630)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Si c\u2019est bien H\u00e9raclite qui est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par le peintre Johannes Moorelse (dont on sait si peu de choses que certains critiques d\u2019art en doutent), la seconde hypoth\u00e8se semble plus conforme\u00a0 \u00e0 ce que l\u2019on sait du personnage.<\/p>\n

Cet exact contemporain du Bouddha et Lao-Tseu, consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l\u2019un des fondateurs de la philosophie et de la m\u00e9taphysique occidentales, \u00e9tait en effet r\u00e9put\u00e9 pour \u00eatre misanthrope et m\u00e9lancolique. Renon\u00e7ant \u00e0 une fonction royale \u00e0 laquelle ses origines familiales l\u2019appelaient, n\u2019\u00e9tait-il pas parti vivre en ermite dans les montagnes, se nourrissant de plantes jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fin de ses jours\u00a0? \u00a0On dit de lui qu\u2019il pleurait de tout quand D\u00e9mocrite en riait. De fait, de nombreuses \u0153uvres picturales repr\u00e9sentent les deux personnages c\u00f4te \u00e0 c\u00f4te, l\u2019un hilare, l\u2019autre chagrin.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

H\u00e9raclite englobait dans un m\u00eame d\u00e9dain le petit peuple, la foule, les savants, les po\u00e8tes et les philosophes. Pour lui, leurs pens\u00e9es n\u2019\u00e9taient que jeux d\u2019enfant, et les discours brillants, mondains, restaient toujours \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cart de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 essentielle, du logos<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Se soumettre au logos<\/em>, c\u2019est adopter la nature pour mod\u00e8le d\u2019une conduite morale qui associe l\u2019\u00eatre au mouvement de l\u2019univers. Or l\u2019univers est mouvement, \u00e0 l\u2019image du feu qui est principe de toutes choses\u00a0; le feu est la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 du mouvement, l\u2019\u00e9tat premier et dernier du cosmos \u00e0 travers ses cycles. A son image,\u00a0 les choses n\u2019ont pas de consistance\u00a0; tout se meut sans cesse, rien ne demeure, tout passe en son contraire. Comme dans une grande pulsation, tout \u00e9quilibre entre forces antagonistes s’alt\u00e8re tour \u00e0 tour au profit de chacune d’elles jusqu’\u00e0 son triomphe total, suivi d’un renversement qui donnera l’avantage \u00e0 sa rivale. L\u2019\u00eatre est ainsi en perp\u00e9tuel devenir, entra\u00een\u00e9 dans le courant de l\u2019alternance et du changement.<\/p>\n

La doctrine d\u2019H\u00e9raclite est en opposition totale avec la philosophie de la permanence que l\u2019on trouve \u00e0 la m\u00eame \u00e9poque chez Parm\u00e9nide.\u00a0 Il l\u2019exprime dans un style litt\u00e9raire \u00e9nigmatique, hach\u00e9 et d\u00e9tach\u00e9, mimant le mouvement de\u00a0 la contradiction, en absence totale de ponctuation qui invite \u00e0 la polys\u00e9mie. Pour cette raison, Socrate et Aristote l\u2019ont surnomm\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019Obscur\u00a0\u00bb. Or, vingt-cinq si\u00e8cles plus tard, les fragments qui restent de son principal ouvrage, \u00ab\u00a0De la nature\u00a0\u00bb, paraissent d\u2019une profondeur lumineuse et abyssale\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On ne sait si le sage d\u2019Eph\u00e8se, t\u00eate pench\u00e9e et se frottant les mains, se r\u00e9jouit d\u2019avoir tourn\u00e9 en d\u00e9rision l\u2019un de ces beaux parleurs au discours superficiel qu\u2019il abhorre tant, ou s\u2019il est plong\u00e9 dans un profond \u00e9tat d\u2019affliction devant un univers\u00a0 – figur\u00e9 ici par un globe terrestre – aveugle et absurde, o\u00f9 … Continuer la lecture de H\u00e9raclite, ou la lumi\u00e8re de l’obscur<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":216,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[41],"class_list":["post-214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arts-visuels","tag-heraclite"],"yoast_head":"\nH\u00e9raclite, ou la lumi\u00e8re de l'obscur, par Jean-Pierre Luminet<\/title>\n<meta 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