{"id":1903,"date":"2015-11-28T17:06:36","date_gmt":"2015-11-28T17:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/?p=1903"},"modified":"2016-01-16T15:57:08","modified_gmt":"2016-01-16T15:57:08","slug":"la-physique-etrange-dinterstellar-26","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/2015\/11\/28\/la-physique-etrange-dinterstellar-26\/","title":{"rendered":"La physique \u00e9trange d\u2019Interstellar (2\/6)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Suite du billet pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/2015\/11\/17\/la-physique-etrange-dinterstellar-16\/\" target=\"_blank\">La physique \u00e9trange d&#8217;Insterstellar (1\/6)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">En novembre 2014, le film de science-fiction <em>Interstellar<\/em> (r\u00e9alisation Christopher Nolan, Warner Bros Pictures, 169 minutes, 2014) sortait sur nos \u00e9crans. V\u00e9ritable &#8220;blockbuster&#8221; hollywoodien, il a suscit\u00e9 un \u00e9norme battage m\u00e9diatique, comme en t\u00e9moignent les innombrables forums de discussion et articles de presse ayant fleuri au cours des jours, semaines et mois qui ont suivi.\u00a0 A la demande de la revue de langue anglaise <a href=\"http:\/\/inference-review.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Inference : International Review of Science, <\/a>j&#8217;ai par la suite fait un travail d&#8217;analyse scientifique beaucoup plus d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 et approfondi, publi\u00e9 au printemps 2015. Je vous en livre la traduction fran\u00e7aise, d\u00e9coup\u00e9e en 6 billets. Celui-ci est le deuxi\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Un trou noir supermassif en rotation rapide<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ayant franchi sans encombre le trou de ver artificiel d\u2019<em>Interstellar<\/em>, le vaisseau spatial <em>Endurance<\/em> \u00e9merge dans un syst\u00e8me de trois plan\u00e8tes gravitant autour de Gargantua, un trou noir supermassif. A premi\u00e8re vue, une telle proximit\u00e9 entres les plan\u00e8tes et le trou noir semble invraisemblable.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Les trous noirs supermassifs, dont les masses courent de quelques millions \u00e0 plusieurs milliards de masses solaires, sont cens\u00e9s occuper le centre de la plupart des galaxies<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>. Notre propre Voie lact\u00e9e abrite un tel objet, Sagittarius A*, dont la masse mesur\u00e9e indirectement vaut quatre millions de fois celle du soleil<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>. D\u2019apr\u00e8s Thorne, Gargantua serait semblable au trou noir encore plus gros qui se trouve au centre de la galaxie d\u2019Androm\u00e8de, rassemblant 100 millions de masses solaires<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_1958\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1958\" style=\"width: 254px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/CGal_IR_1al.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[1903]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1958\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/CGal_IR_1al.jpg\" alt=\"CGal_IR_1al\" width=\"254\" height=\"227\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1958\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Une vue du Centre Galactique en rayons X<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_1934\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1934\" style=\"width: 238px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/CGal_Keck.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[1903]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1934\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/CGal_Keck.jpg\" alt=\"CGal_*Keck\" width=\"238\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/CGal_Keck.jpg 427w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/CGal_Keck-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 238px) 100vw, 238px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1934\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">L&#8217;analyse des trajectoires des \u00e9toiles gravitant autour du Centre Galactique conduit \u00e0 estimer la masse du trou noir central \u00e0 4 millions de masses solaires<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_1959\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1959\" style=\"width: 258px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Andromede_spiral.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[1903]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1959\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Andromede_spiral-450x361.jpg\" alt=\"Andromede_spiral\" width=\"258\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Andromede_spiral-450x361.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Andromede_spiral.jpg 736w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1959\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">La Galaxie d&#8217;Androm\u00e8de M31, situ\u00e9e \u00e0 2,2 millions d&#8217;ann\u00e9es-lumi\u00e8re<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<td>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_1960\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1960\" style=\"width: 229px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/coeurM31_HST.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[1903]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1960\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/coeurM31_HST-450x406.jpg\" alt=\"coeurM31_HST\" width=\"229\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/coeurM31_HST-450x406.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/coeurM31_HST.jpg 467w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 229px) 100vw, 229px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1960\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">D\u00e9tail du noyau de la Galaxie d&#8217;Androm\u00e8de par le Hubble Space Telescope. Il abriterait un trou noir d&#8217;environ cent millions de masses solaires.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Gargantua est d\u00e9crit comme un trou noir supermassif en rotation rapide. Sa rotation d\u00e9pend de deux param\u00e8tres: la masse M et le moment angulaire J. Contrairement aux \u00e9toiles qui sont en rotation diff\u00e9rentielle, les trous noirs tournent de fa\u00e7on parfaitement rigide. Tous les points de leur surface, l\u2019horizon des \u00e9v\u00e9nements, se meuvent \u00e0 la m\u00eame vitesse angulaire. Il y a cependant une valeur critique du moment angulaire, J<sub>max<\/sub>, au-dessus de laquelle l\u2019horizon des \u00e9v\u00e9nements se disloque. Cette limite correspond \u00e0 une surface tournant \u00e0 la vitesse de la lumi\u00e8re. Pour de tels trous noirs dits \u00ab\u00a0extr\u00e9maux\u00a0\u00bb, le champ de gravit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019horizon des \u00e9v\u00e9nements serait annul\u00e9, l\u2019attraction gravitationnelle \u00e9tant contrebalanc\u00e9e par d\u2019\u00e9normes forces centrifuges r\u00e9pulsives. Il est bien possible que la plupart des trous noirs form\u00e9s dans l\u2019univers r\u00e9el aient un moment angulaire proche de cette limite critique<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>.<!--more--><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1962\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1962\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Cygnus_X-1.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[1903]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1962 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Cygnus_X-1-450x282.jpg\" alt=\"Cygnus_X-1\" width=\"450\" height=\"282\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Cygnus_X-1-450x282.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/Cygnus_X-1.jpg 660w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1962\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dans une source X binaire (ici, vue d&#8217;artiste), le trou noir de masse stellaire peut effectuer jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 5000 tours par seconde<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Dans <em>Interstellar<\/em>, Gargantua est cens\u00e9 avoir un moment angulaire quasiment \u00e9gal \u00e0 J<sub>max<\/sub>, \u00e0 10<sup>-10<\/sup> pr\u00e8s. Bien que cela soit th\u00e9oriquement possible, cette configuration est irr\u00e9aliste. En effet, plus un trou noir tourne vite, plus il capture difficilement la mati\u00e8re orbitant dans le m\u00eame sens, \u00e0 cause des forces centrifuges; en revanche, la mati\u00e8re orbitant en sens oppos\u00e9 est facilement aval\u00e9e, ralentissant la vitesse de rotation du trou. Il en r\u00e9sulte qu\u2019un trou noir en rotation initiale tr\u00e8s rapide tend \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0freiner\u00a0\u00bb jusqu\u2019\u00e0 une vitesse d\u2019\u00e9quilibre plus petite que celle qui est suppos\u00e9e pour Gargantua. Les calculs de relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale indiquent que les trous noirs ne peuvent tourner plus vite que 0,998 J<sub>max<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Pour les besoins du sc\u00e9nario d\u2019<em>Interstellar<\/em>, un trou noir en rotation extr\u00e9male pr\u00e9sente toutefois deux avantages importants. L\u2019un est que des plan\u00e8tes peuvent graviter tout pr\u00e8s de son horizon des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sans \u00eatre aval\u00e9es. L\u2019autre est que la plan\u00e8te la plus proche de l\u2019horizon peut subir une distorsion temporelle gigantesque. Pour un trou noir de Kerr tr\u00e8s proche de la limite critique J<sub>max<\/sub>, le rayon de la derni\u00e8re orbite circulaire stable peut-\u00eatre quasiment \u00e9gal \u00e0 celui de l\u2019horizon lui-m\u00eame, 100 million de kilom\u00e8tres. C\u2019est la raison pour laquelle la plus proche plan\u00e8te de Gargantua, nomm\u00e9e Miller, peut graviter extr\u00eamement pr\u00e8s de l\u2019horizon des \u00e9v\u00e9nements sans \u00eatre engloutie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Il est important de noter qu\u2019un trou noir de Kerr ne ressemble en rien \u00e0 une toupie au sein d\u2019un espace ext\u00e9rieur fix\u00e9. La rotation du trou noir entra\u00eene avec elle le tissu m\u00eame de l\u2019espace-temps. En cons\u00e9quence, Miller doit orbiter autour de Gargantua \u00e0 une vitesse proche de la celle de la lumi\u00e8re\u00a0!<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1963\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1963\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/lensethirring.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[1903]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1963 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/lensethirring-450x333.jpg\" alt=\"lensethirring\" width=\"450\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/lensethirring-450x333.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/lensethirring.jpg 626w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1963\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">La rotation d&#8217;un trou noir entra\u00eene la rotation de l&#8217;espace-temps lui-m\u00eame dans son voisinage. C&#8217;est l&#8217;effet Lense-Thirring.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Des plan\u00e8tes illumin\u00e9es\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Il y a trois plan\u00e8tes autour de Gargantua. D\u2019o\u00f9 tirent-elles leur chaleur et leur lumi\u00e8re\u00a0? En principe il faudrait une \u00e9toile, or on n\u2019en voit aucune. La chaleur ne peut pas venir du trou noir, que ce soit sous la forme du rayonnement Hawking ou du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de \u00ab\u00a0pare-feu\u00a0\u00bb r\u00e9cemment propos\u00e9<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>. Ces effets de nature purement quantique sont compl\u00e8tement n\u00e9gligeables pour les trous noirs astrophysiques.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1965\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1965\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/BH_wip_v18_1080p_planet.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[1903]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1965 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/BH_wip_v18_1080p_planet-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"BH_wip_v18_1080p_planet\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/BH_wip_v18_1080p_planet-450x253.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/BH_wip_v18_1080p_planet.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1965\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dans Interstellar, la plan\u00e8te Miller gravite extr\u00eamement pr\u00e8s de la surface du trou noir Gargantua et elle est illumin\u00e9e par le disque d&#8217;accr\u00e9tion.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Chaleur et lumi\u00e8re pourraient-elles provenir de l\u2019anneau gazeux, appel\u00e9 disque d\u2019accr\u00e9tion, qui gravite autour de Gargantua<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>\u00a0? La th\u00e9orie des disques d\u2019accr\u00e9tion est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e depuis plusieurs d\u00e9cennies<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> et se trouve en bon accord avec les r\u00e9centes observations astronomiques<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>. En raison des \u00e9normes forces mises en jeu, les disques d\u2019accr\u00e9tion sont extr\u00eamement chauds, quelques millions de degr\u00e9s, si lumineux qu\u2019ils peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9tect\u00e9s \u00e0 des millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es-lumi\u00e8re de distance, et leurs radiations d\u00e9truiraient compl\u00e8tement toute forme de mati\u00e8re ordinaire. Les astronautes d\u2019<em>Interstellar<\/em> seraient donc tu\u00e9s aussit\u00f4t que leur vaisseau <em>Endurance<\/em> sortirait du trou de ver artificiel. Or, vers la fin du film, on voit le h\u00e9ros, Cooper, plonger carr\u00e9ment dans Gargantua et survivre.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1966\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1966\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/AGN_wJets.big_.cut_.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[1903]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/AGN_wJets.big_.cut_-450x311.jpg\" alt=\"AGN_wJets.big.cut\" width=\"450\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/AGN_wJets.big_.cut_-450x311.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/AGN_wJets.big_.cut_-1024x707.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2015\/11\/AGN_wJets.big_.cut_.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1966\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vue d&#8217;artiste d&#8217;un disque d&#8217;accr\u00e9tion autour d&#8217;un trou noir supermassif<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Interrog\u00e9 sur ce point<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>, Thorne a argument\u00e9 que la lumi\u00e8re et la chaleur requises provenaient d\u2019un disque d\u2019accr\u00e9tion \u00ab\u00a0an\u00e9mique\u00a0\u00bb, refroidi \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature du Soleil, 5500\u00b0C. Par \u00ab\u00a0an\u00e9mique\u00a0\u00bb, Thorne veut dire que le disque n\u2019aurait plus \u00e9t\u00e9 aliment\u00e9 en gaz depuis un million d\u2019ann\u00e9es. Le taux d\u2019accr\u00e9tion, facteur critique dont d\u00e9pend la luminosit\u00e9 du disque, serait alors extr\u00eamement bas et dans un tel sch\u00e9ma, un disque d\u2019accr\u00e9tion quiescent serait inoffensif pour des \u00eatres humains.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Je doute cependant qu\u2019un disque d\u2019accr\u00e9tion an\u00e9mique puisse produire suffisamment de chaleur et de lumi\u00e8re pour rendre une plan\u00e8te habitable. Il serait en effet optiquement mince, tandis que la photosph\u00e8re de notre Soleil est optiquement \u00e9paisse\u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>La suite est \u00e0 lire ici : <\/em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/2016\/01\/11\/physique-etrange-dinterstellar-36-disque-daccretion-forces-de-maree\/\" target=\"_blank\">La physique \u00e9trange d&#8217;Interstellar (3\/6) : Disque d&#8217;accr\u00e9tion et forces de mar\u00e9e<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Le plus gros trou noir jusqu\u2019ici d\u00e9tect\u00e9 se situe dans la galaxie NGC 1277, \u00e0 quelques 250 millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es-lumi\u00e8re. Sa masse atteindrait 17 milliards de fois celle du Soleil et sa taille engloberait l\u2019orbite de Neptune. Cf. Remco van den Bosch et al., \u201cAn Over-Massive Black Hole in the Compact Lenticular Galaxy NGC 1277,\u201d Nature 491 (2012): 729\u201331.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Fulvio Melia, <em>The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole<\/em> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Ralf Bender et al., \u201cHST STIS Spectroscopy of the Triple Nucleus of M31: Two Nested Disks in Keplerian Rotation around a Supermassive Black Hole,\u201d <em>Astrophysical Journal<\/em> 631, no. 1 (2005): 280\u2013300.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Un trou noir stellaire typique de trois masses solaires, comme ceux pr\u00e9sents dans les sources X binaires, doit effectuer pr\u00e8s de 5000 tours par seconde.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Ahmed Almheiri et al., \u201cBlack Holes: Complementarity or Firewalls?\u201d <em>Journal of High Energy Physics<\/em> 2 (2013): 1\u201320.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Les disques d\u2019accr\u00e9tion ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tect\u00e9s dans des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9toiles doubles \u00e9mettant du rayonnement X, associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des trous noirs de quelques masses solaires, et au centre de nombreuses galaxies, autour de trous noirs compris entre quelques millions et quelques milliards de masses solaires.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Pour une revue, cf. Marek Abramowicz and P. Chris Fragile, \u201cFoundations of Black Hole Accretion Disk Theory,\u201d <em>Living Reviews in Relativity<\/em> 16, no. 1 (2013): 1\u201388.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Shawn Poindexter, Nicholas Morgan, and Christopher Kochanek, \u201cThe Spatial Structure of an Accretion Disk,\u201d <em>Astrophysical Journal<\/em> 673 (2008): 34\u201338.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Lee Billings, \u00ab\u00a0Parsing the Science of Interstellar with Physicist Kip Thorne\u00a0\u00bb, Scientific American, November 28, 2014 [http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2014\/10\/astrophyisics-interstellar-black-hole\/]<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Suite du billet pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent La physique \u00e9trange d&#8217;Insterstellar (1\/6) En novembre 2014, le film de science-fiction Interstellar (r\u00e9alisation Christopher Nolan, Warner Bros Pictures, 169 minutes, 2014) sortait sur nos \u00e9crans. V\u00e9ritable &#8220;blockbuster&#8221; hollywoodien, il a suscit\u00e9 un \u00e9norme battage m\u00e9diatique, comme en t\u00e9moignent les innombrables forums de discussion et articles de presse ayant fleuri au &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/2015\/11\/28\/la-physique-etrange-dinterstellar-26\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">La physique \u00e9trange d\u2019Interstellar (2\/6)<\/span>  <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1927,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[12,27,4],"tags":[157,251,123,118,122],"class_list":["post-1903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cinema","category-mes-publications","category-sciences","tag-disque-daccretion","tag-gargantua","tag-interstellar","tag-science-fiction","tag-trou-noir"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>La physique \u00e9trange d\u2019Interstellar (2\/6), par Jean-Pierre Luminet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/2015\/11\/28\/la-physique-etrange-dinterstellar-26\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La physique \u00e9trange d\u2019Interstellar (2\/6), par Jean-Pierre Luminet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Suite du billet pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent La physique \u00e9trange d&#8217;Insterstellar (1\/6) En novembre 2014, le film de science-fiction Interstellar (r\u00e9alisation Christopher Nolan, Warner Bros Pictures, 169 minutes, 2014) sortait sur nos \u00e9crans. 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