{"id":976,"date":"2020-02-11T14:33:28","date_gmt":"2020-02-11T13:33:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/?p=976"},"modified":"2020-02-28T11:02:53","modified_gmt":"2020-02-28T10:02:53","slug":"le-jour-ou-le-dogme-de-pythagore-secroula","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/2020\/02\/11\/le-jour-ou-le-dogme-de-pythagore-secroula\/","title":{"rendered":"Le jour o\u00f9 le dogme de Pythagore s&#8217;\u00e9croula"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pythagore pensait que tout \u00e9tait nombre, nombre entier plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ou rapport de nombres entiers. De nos jours, on dit nombres rationnels, du latin <i>ratio<\/i> qui, dans ce contexte signifie rapport.<\/p>\n<h2>La duplication du carr\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>Dans le <em>M\u00e9non<\/em> de Platon, le probl\u00e8me de Socrate est celui de la duplication du carr\u00e9, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire de trouver un carr\u00e9 d&#8217;aire double d&#8217;un carr\u00e9 donn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_983\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-983\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-983 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/11\/Preuves-par-d\u00e9coupages-01-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/11\/Preuves-par-d\u00e9coupages-01-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/11\/Preuves-par-d\u00e9coupages-01-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/11\/Preuves-par-d\u00e9coupages-01.png 603w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-983\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Le grand carr\u00e9 orange duplique le carr\u00e9 repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 de travers. Pour le d\u00e9montrer, il suffit de compter les triangles.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>La solution pour dupliquer un carr\u00e9 est d&#8217;en construire un dont le c\u00f4t\u00e9 est la diagonale du premier.\u00a0Selon le th\u00e9or\u00e8me de Pythagore, <em>d\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0=\u00a02\u00a0<em>a\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> o\u00f9 <em>a<\/em> est le c\u00f4t\u00e9 du carr\u00e9 et <em>d<\/em> sa diagonale. Si tout est nombre, <em>a<\/em> et <em>d<\/em> sont deux nombres entiers naturels (en choisissant bien l\u2019unit\u00e9).<\/p>\n<h2>Un raisonnement par l&#8217;absurde<\/h2>\n<p>Ici commence un raisonnement math\u00e9matique subtil, l\u2019un des plus anciens de ce type. Bien que nous ne connaissions aucun de ces deux nombres, nous imaginons la factorisation de <em>d\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0=\u00a02\u00a0<em>a\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> et y comptons les occurrences du facteur 2 en utilisant chacune des formes \u00e0 droite et \u00e0 gauche du signe \u00e9gal. Ce nombre est pair dans <em>d\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> puisque chaque apparition dans <em>d<\/em> est doubl\u00e9e par l\u2019effet de la multiplication par lui-m\u00eame. Le m\u00eame ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne se produit dans <em>a\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>. En multipliant cette quantit\u00e9 par 2, on en ajoute un. Le nombre de 2 dans 2\u00a0<em>a\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> est donc impair. L\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 <em>d\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0=\u00a02\u00a0<em>a\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> conduit \u00e0 une absurdit\u00e9\u00a0: le nombre de 2 est \u00e0 la fois pair (dans <em>d\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>) et impair (dans 2\u00a0<em>a\u00a0<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>). L\u2019hypoth\u00e8se de l\u2019existence d\u2019une commune mesure entre les c\u00f4t\u00e9s des deux carr\u00e9s aboutit \u00e0 une absurdit\u00e9, elle est donc fausse.<\/p>\n<h2>L&#8217;\u00e9croulement du dogme de Pythagore<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif\">L\u2019id\u00e9e de Pythagore s\u2019\u00e9croule, il existe des longueurs incommensurables. Son dogme \u00ab\u00a0tout est nombre\u00a0\u00bb ne retrouvera vie que dans les temps modernes, quand d\u2019autres \u00ab\u00a0objets\u00a0\u00bb seront admis dans le champ des nombres, en particulier, le rapport de la diagonale au c\u00f4t\u00e9 du carr\u00e9, racine de 2 que nous disons irrationnel, non pas parce que ce nombre ne serait pas raisonnable mais parce qu\u2019il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019un rapport d\u2019entiers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pythagore pensait que tout \u00e9tait nombre, nombre entier plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ou rapport de nombres entiers. De nos jours, on dit nombres rationnels, du latin ratio qui, dans ce contexte signifie rapport. La duplication du carr\u00e9 Dans le M\u00e9non de Platon, le probl\u00e8me de Socrate est celui de la duplication du carr\u00e9, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire de trouver un &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/2020\/02\/11\/le-jour-ou-le-dogme-de-pythagore-secroula\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Le jour o\u00f9 le dogme de Pythagore s&#8217;\u00e9croula<\/span>  <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":979,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[63,29],"tags":[370,371,33,372],"class_list":["post-976","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-histoire","category-maths-2","tag-duplication-du-carre","tag-nombre-irrationnel","tag-pythagore","tag-racine-de-2"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Le jour o\u00f9 le dogme de Pythagore s&#039;\u00e9croula, par Herv\u00e9 Lehning<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/2020\/02\/11\/le-jour-ou-le-dogme-de-pythagore-secroula\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le jour o\u00f9 le dogme de Pythagore s&#039;\u00e9croula, par Herv\u00e9 Lehning\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pythagore pensait que tout \u00e9tait nombre, nombre entier plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ou rapport de nombres entiers. 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