{"id":416,"date":"2018-07-23T11:08:08","date_gmt":"2018-07-23T09:08:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/?p=416"},"modified":"2018-08-28T07:29:53","modified_gmt":"2018-08-28T05:29:53","slug":"et-marie-stuart-perdit-la-tete-a-cause-dun-mauvais-chiffre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/2018\/07\/23\/et-marie-stuart-perdit-la-tete-a-cause-dun-mauvais-chiffre\/","title":{"rendered":"Et Marie Stuart perdit la t\u00eate \u00e0 cause d’un mauvais chiffre …"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00e0 la cour de France \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque d\u2019Henri II, Marie Stuart,qui fut reine d’\u00c9cosse et de France, utilisait un chiffre du type de ceux d\u2019Henri II comme le suivant, qu’il avait avec Philibert Babou, ambassadeur \u00e0 Rome.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Ce chiffre utilis\u00e9 par Henri II est un chiffre par substitution offrant plusieurs \u00e9quivalents pour chaque lettre, muni d’un nomenclateur pour les mots courants.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les chiffres de Marie Stuart<\/h2>\n

Marie Stuart utilisait plusieurs chiffres, selon ses correspondants. L\u2019examen de celui utilis\u00e9 dans le complot de 1586, qui se trouve aux archives du Royaume-Uni, montre qu\u2019il est bien du type pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Le chiffre utilis\u00e9 par Marie Stuart en 1586. On voit clairement qu’il est de m\u00eame nature que celui de Henri II.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Autrement dit, le chiffre de Marie Stuart \u00e9tait du niveau de ceux des rois de son \u00e9poque. Elle perdit pourtant la t\u00eate de l\u2019avoir utilis\u00e9. Un chiffre faible est toujours pire que l\u2019absence de chiffre. Son sort se noua alors qu\u2019elle \u00e9tait prisonni\u00e8re au ch\u00e2teau de Chartley au nord de l\u2019Angleterre. Son seul contact avec le monde ext\u00e9rieur \u00e9tait sa correspondance, chiffr\u00e9e par son secr\u00e9taire, Gilbert Curle. Elle la faisait sortir clandestinement, cach\u00e9e dans des tonneaux de bi\u00e8re. <\/span><\/p>\n

Espionnage de la correspondance de Marie<\/h2>\n

La principale faille dans ce sc\u00e9nario \u00e9tait la personne charg\u00e9e de cette t\u00e2che, Gilbert Gifford, un agent double de Francis Walsingham (1530 \u2013 1590), secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00c9lisabeth Ie<\/sup>. Il lui transmit toutes les lettres de Marie, ce qui permit au cryptanalyste de Walsingham, Thomas Phelippes de les d\u00e9crypter, en utilisant vraisemblablement la m\u00e9thode du mot probable (c’est-\u00e0-dire rechercher la pr\u00e9sence de mots qu’on estime probable dans une correspondance, en fonction du destinataire, par exemple “reine”, “cousine”, etc.). L\u2019abondance des messages lui facilita sans doute la t\u00e2che.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le complot et la manipulation de Walsingham<\/h2>\n

En 1586, son ancien page, Anthony Babington, qui faisait partie d\u2019un complot contre la reine d\u2019Angleterre, lui \u00e9crivit une longue lettre chiffr\u00e9e o\u00f9 il lui d\u00e9crivait les d\u00e9tails du complot et demandait son accord. La r\u00e9ponse de Marie scella son destin. Quand Thomas Phelippes l\u2019eut d\u00e9crypt\u00e9e, il ajouta une potence \u00e0 la copie qu\u2019il en fit\u00a0! Pour que Walsingham obtienne les noms de tous les complices, il ajouta un postscriptum \u00e0 la lettre demandant les noms de tous les comploteurs. En plus d\u2019\u00eatre excellent cryptanalyste, Phelippes \u00e9tait un faussaire hors pair ! Ainsi, Babington livra lui-m\u00eame ses complices. Tous furent ex\u00e9cut\u00e9s avant le proc\u00e8s de Marie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00e0 la cour de France \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque d\u2019Henri II, Marie Stuart,qui fut reine d’\u00c9cosse et de France, utilisait un chiffre du type de ceux d\u2019Henri II comme le suivant, qu’il avait avec Philibert Babou, ambassadeur \u00e0 Rome. Les chiffres de Marie Stuart Marie Stuart utilisait plusieurs chiffres, selon ses correspondants. L\u2019examen de … Continuer la lecture de Et Marie Stuart perdit la t\u00eate \u00e0 cause d’un mauvais chiffre …<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":421,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[9,63,3],"tags":[161,59,141,160],"class_list":["post-416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cryptologie","category-histoire","category-sciences","tag-complot","tag-cryptologie","tag-histoire","tag-marie-stuart"],"yoast_head":"\nEt Marie Stuart perdit la t\u00eate \u00e0 cause d'un mauvais chiffre ..., par Herv\u00e9 Lehning<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/2018\/07\/23\/et-marie-stuart-perdit-la-tete-a-cause-dun-mauvais-chiffre\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Et Marie Stuart perdit la t\u00eate \u00e0 cause d'un mauvais chiffre ..., par Herv\u00e9 Lehning\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00e0 la cour de France \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque d\u2019Henri II, Marie Stuart,qui fut reine d’\u00c9cosse et de France, utilisait un chiffre du type de ceux d\u2019Henri II comme le suivant, qu’il avait avec Philibert Babou, ambassadeur \u00e0 Rome. Les chiffres de Marie Stuart Marie Stuart utilisait plusieurs chiffres, selon ses correspondants. 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