{"id":1001,"date":"2019-11-08T14:06:06","date_gmt":"2019-11-08T13:06:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/?p=1001"},"modified":"2020-02-10T07:35:11","modified_gmt":"2020-02-10T06:35:11","slug":"cours-de-crypto-a-hanoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/2019\/11\/08\/cours-de-crypto-a-hanoi\/","title":{"rendered":"Cours de crypto \u00e0 Hano\u00ef"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Souvenir d&#8217;un s\u00e9jour \u00e0 Hano\u00ef o\u00f9 j&#8217;ai enseign\u00e9 l&#8217;art du d\u00e9cryptement \u00e0 quelques \u00e9tudiants et beaucoup appris sur les services du chiffre du Vi\u00eat-Minh pendant la guerre d&#8217;Indochine (1946-1954) puis du Vi\u00eat-Cong pendant la guerre du Vietnam (1955-1975))<\/p>\n<h2>Erreurs cryptographiques des deux camps<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif\">Au d\u00e9but de la premi\u00e8re guerre d\u2019Indochine, le Vi\u00eat Minh utilisa un chiffre de Vigen\u00e8re, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire une substitution alphab\u00e9tique \u00e0 d\u00e9calage variable d\u00e9pendant d&#8217;une clef (qui est un mot). Par exemple, avec la clef abc, il consiste \u00e0 ne pas d\u00e9caler la premi\u00e8re lettre du message, d\u00e9caler d&#8217;un cran la seconde de deux crans la seconde et ainsi de suite si bien que &#8220;chiffrer&#8221; se chiffre en &#8220;cikfgtes&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif\">Le Vi\u00eat-Minh appliquait cette m\u00e9thode de fa\u00e7on particuli\u00e8rement erron\u00e9e\u00a0: la clef, toujours de longueur cinq, \u00e9tait accol\u00e9e en t\u00eate du message ce qui contrevenait lourdement au principe de Kerckhoffs selon lequel la solidit\u00e9 d&#8217;un chiffre ne devait pas d\u00e9pendre du secret de la m\u00e9thode mais seulement de celui de sa clef.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1005\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1005\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1005 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/11\/tinhag-300x222.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/11\/tinhag-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/11\/tinhag.jpg 325w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1005\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Document vietnamien montrant un message envoy\u00e9 avec sa clef TINHA en t\u00eate !<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 cette faiblesse du chiffre vietnamien, le conflit cryptographique avec l\u2019arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise, d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9 au temps de la reconqu\u00eate en 1946, quand les meilleurs cryptologues de l\u2019arm\u00e9e \u00e9taient sur place, fut plut\u00f4t \u00e9quilibr\u00e9 de ce point de vue ensuite. L\u2019arm\u00e9e \u00e9tait pourtant sens\u00e9e disposer de machines \u00e0 chiffrer de la Seconde Guerre mondiale comme la C-36 au niveau tactique et la B-211 au niveau strat\u00e9gique qui auraient d\u00fb \u00eatre ind\u00e9cryptables par le Vi\u00eat Minh. Cependant, d\u2019apr\u00e8s les archives vietnamiennes, bien des messages fran\u00e7ais \u00e9taient envoy\u00e9s chiffr\u00e9s par un Vigen\u00e8re dot\u00e9 d\u2019une clef trop courte, ou juste camoufl\u00e9s voire m\u00eame en clair. Les techniques de camouflage consistaient ici \u00e0 remplacer quelques termes, comme \u00ab\u00a0convoi\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0tank\u00a0\u00bb par d\u2019autres d\u2019apparence anodine comme \u00ab\u00a0omelette\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0\u0153ufs brouill\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb. Cette m\u00e9thode n\u2019a gu\u00e8re d\u2019espoir de permettre de garder le secret d\u2019un grand nombre de messages. L\u2019ennemi aura vite compris ce que recouvrent ces termes \u00e9tranges dans un contexte militaire.<\/p>\n<h2>Persistance des erreurs<\/h2>\n<p>Lors de la guerre du Vietnam qui suivit la d\u00e9faite fran\u00e7aise, les Am\u00e9ricains ne firent gu\u00e8re mieux et en vinrent aussi \u00e0 des m\u00e9thodes de camouflage, persuad\u00e9s que le Vi\u00eat Cong ne serait jamais capable de comprendre leur jargon en temps r\u00e9el. La NSA (National Security Agency) avait pourtant con\u00e7u Nestor, un syst\u00e8me chiffrant la voix de bonne qualit\u00e9 \u2026 mais qui avait au moins deux d\u00e9fauts\u00a0: son \u00e9l\u00e9ment (KY-38) r\u00e9serv\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019infanterie \u00e9tait lourd (24,5 kg) et, de plus, Nestor ne supportait pas la chaleur humide des for\u00eats tropicales du sud Vi\u00eat Nam. De nombreuses unit\u00e9s pr\u00e9f\u00e9raient emporter plus de munitions plut\u00f4t que cet engin peu fiable et lourd. Ceci explique l\u2019absence de chiffrement s\u00e9rieux et l\u2019\u00e9quilibre des forces entre le petit Vi\u00eat Cong et le g\u00e9ant am\u00e9ricain dans la bataille des ondes.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1011\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1011\" style=\"width: 239px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1011 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/11\/nestor-239x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"239\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/11\/nestor-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2019\/11\/nestor.jpg 298w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 239px) 100vw, 239px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1011\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soldat am\u00e9ricain portant une KY-38, partie &#8220;portable&#8221; su syst\u00e8me Nestor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Souvenir d&#8217;un s\u00e9jour \u00e0 Hano\u00ef o\u00f9 j&#8217;ai enseign\u00e9 l&#8217;art du d\u00e9cryptement \u00e0 quelques \u00e9tudiants et beaucoup appris sur les services du chiffre du Vi\u00eat-Minh pendant la guerre d&#8217;Indochine (1946-1954) puis du Vi\u00eat-Cong pendant la guerre du Vietnam (1955-1975)) Erreurs cryptographiques des deux camps Au d\u00e9but de la premi\u00e8re guerre d\u2019Indochine, le Vi\u00eat Minh utilisa un &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/2019\/11\/08\/cours-de-crypto-a-hanoi\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Cours de crypto \u00e0 Hano\u00ef<\/span>  <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":1003,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[9,112,3],"tags":[381,58,379,383,382,380],"class_list":["post-1001","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cryptologie","category-humour","category-sciences","tag-camouflage","tag-chiffre","tag-guerre-du-vietnam","tag-viet-cong","tag-viet-minh","tag-vigenere"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Cours de crypto \u00e0 Hano\u00ef, par Herv\u00e9 Lehning<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/lehning\/2019\/11\/08\/cours-de-crypto-a-hanoi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cours de crypto \u00e0 Hano\u00ef, par Herv\u00e9 Lehning\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Souvenir d&#8217;un s\u00e9jour \u00e0 Hano\u00ef o\u00f9 j&#8217;ai enseign\u00e9 l&#8217;art du d\u00e9cryptement \u00e0 quelques \u00e9tudiants et beaucoup appris sur les services du chiffre du Vi\u00eat-Minh pendant la guerre d&#8217;Indochine (1946-1954) puis du Vi\u00eat-Cong pendant la guerre du Vietnam (1955-1975)) Erreurs cryptographiques des deux camps Au d\u00e9but de la premi\u00e8re guerre d\u2019Indochine, le Vi\u00eat Minh utilisa un &hellip; 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