{"id":6827,"date":"2016-11-23T15:05:34","date_gmt":"2016-11-23T15:05:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/?p=6827"},"modified":"2016-12-01T18:05:48","modified_gmt":"2016-12-01T18:05:48","slug":"47-ans-apres-apollo-11-margaret-hamilton-enfin-recompensee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2016\/11\/23\/47-ans-apres-apollo-11-margaret-hamilton-enfin-recompensee\/","title":{"rendered":"47 ans apr\u00e8s Apollo 11, Margaret Hamilton enfin r\u00e9compens\u00e9e"},"content":{"rendered":"

Margaret Hamilton, la math\u00e9maticienne qui d\u00e9veloppa le logiciel de bord de la mission Apollo 11, a re\u00e7u la plus haute d\u00e9coration civile des \u00c9tats-Unis. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Comme le raconte Florence Porcel dans son livre L’espace sans gravit\u00e9<\/a>, la misogynie est aussi une des caract\u00e9ristiques de la conqu\u00eate spatiale. Les femmes n’y ont jamais vraiment \u00e9t\u00e9 bien accueillies et seules les t\u00e2ches les plus ingrates leurs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 confi\u00e9es. On retiendra par exemple que les sept hommes du groupe Mercury 7<\/em> (Cooper, Carpenter, Schirra, Grissom, Slayton, Shepard et Glenn) iront tous dans l’espace alors que ce ne sera le cas d’aucune des 13 pilotes femmes du groupe Mercury 13<\/em>, pourtant aussi m\u00e9ritantes.<\/p>\n

\"hamilton\"<\/a><\/p>\n

S’il est un domaine o\u00f9 les femmes sont employ\u00e9es, c’est dans le d\u00e9veloppement des instructions donn\u00e9es aux ordinateurs (le software), un domaine jug\u00e9 alors moins important que la partie \u00e9lectronique (hardware).<\/p>\n

Recrut\u00e9e en 1960 par la NASA <\/a>comme programmatrice, la jeune math\u00e9maticienne de 24 ans Margaret Hamilton est charg\u00e9e de corriger manuellement les programmes qui sont mis au point pour les missions Apollo.<\/p>\n

L’ordinateur con\u00e7u pour la navigation et le pilotage des vaisseaux am\u00e9ricains charg\u00e9s d’emmener des hommes sur la Lune<\/a>, l’Apollo Guidance Computer<\/em> (AGC), n’a rien de comparable \u00e0 ce qui existe aujourd’hui : sa modeste m\u00e9moire est vite satur\u00e9e et Margaret Hamilton imagine des proc\u00e9dures pour lui permettre de traiter les donn\u00e9es prioritaires en cas d’afflux massif d’informations.<\/p>\n

\"hamilton2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

C’est sans doute ce qui sauve la mission Apollo 11<\/a>. Le 20 juillet 1969, trois minutes avant que le LEM ne touche la surface lunaire, les alarmes signalent que l’ordinateur AGC est satur\u00e9. Mais l’\u00e9quipe conduite par Margaret Hamilton a fait du bon travail : des programmes de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration incorpor\u00e9s dans le logiciel permettent d’\u00e9liminer les t\u00e2ches ayant les priorit\u00e9s plus faibles et d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter les plus importantes. Apollo 11 peut se poser sans souci dans la mer de la Tranquillit\u00e9 avec \u00e0 son bord\u00a0Neil Armstrong et Edwin \u00ab Buzz \u00bb Aldrin, tandis que Michael Collins est rest\u00e9 en orbite lunaire.<\/p>\n

Le 22 novembre le pr\u00e9sident am\u00e9ricain Barack Obama a d\u00e9cern\u00e9 la Presidential Medal of Freedom <\/em>\u00e0 Margaret Hamilton qui re\u00e7oit ainsi la plus haute d\u00e9coration civile des \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 80 ans, un demi-si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s le programme Apollo.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Margaret Hamilton, la math\u00e9maticienne qui d\u00e9veloppa le logiciel de bord de la mission Apollo 11, a re\u00e7u la plus haute d\u00e9coration civile des \u00c9tats-Unis. Comme le raconte Florence Porcel dans son livre L’espace sans gravit\u00e9, la misogynie est aussi une des caract\u00e9ristiques de la conqu\u00eate spatiale. Les femmes n’y ont jamais vraiment \u00e9t\u00e9 bien accueillies … Continuer la lecture de 47 ans apr\u00e8s Apollo 11, Margaret Hamilton enfin r\u00e9compens\u00e9e<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6828,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[1948,490,1946,1851,1885,1949,1945,385,486,1947],"class_list":["post-6827","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-les-hommes-et-le-ciel","tag-agc","tag-apollo-11","tag-barack-obama","tag-florence-porcel","tag-lespace-sans-gravite","tag-lem","tag-margaret-hamilton","tag-mer-de-la-tranquillite","tag-nasa","tag-presidential-medal-of-freedom"],"yoast_head":"\n47 ans apr\u00e8s Apollo 11, Margaret Hamilton enfin r\u00e9compens\u00e9e<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Margaret Hamilton, la 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