{"id":15707,"date":"2022-10-28T15:26:04","date_gmt":"2022-10-28T15:26:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/?p=15707"},"modified":"2022-11-07T16:04:59","modified_gmt":"2022-11-07T16:04:59","slug":"en-irlande-lincroyable-histoire-dun-telescope-geant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2022\/10\/28\/en-irlande-lincroyable-histoire-dun-telescope-geant\/","title":{"rendered":"L&#8217;incroyable histoire d&#8217;un t\u00e9lescope g\u00e9ant en Irlande"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Construit en 1845 en Irlande, le L\u00e9viathan resta le plus grand t\u00e9lescope du monde (1,83 m\u00e8tre de diam\u00e8tre) jusqu&#8217;en 1917.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h5>La passion d&#8217;un comte :<\/h5>\n<p>Il fut un temps au XIXe si\u00e8cle, o\u00f9 le plus grand t\u00e9lescope du monde se trouvait en Irlande. \u00c0 deux heures de route de Dublin, pr\u00e8s de la ville de Birr, vivait William Parsons, troisi\u00e8me comte de Rosse. Ce riche astronome irlandais avait d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de construire un t\u00e9lescope de 1,83 m\u00e8tre de diam\u00e8tre. Il supplanta alors celui de 1,20 m\u00e8tre r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en 1789 par <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2014\/05\/12\/telescope-william-herschel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Herschel<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15729\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15729\" style=\"width: 329px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/04\/parsons.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[15707]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15729\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/04\/parsons-329x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"329\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/04\/parsons-329x450.jpg 329w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/04\/parsons.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15729\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">William Parsons, troisi\u00e8me comte de Rosse. \u00a9 Christine Sasiad<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>En 1839, William Parsons disposait d\u00e9j\u00e0 d&#8217;un t\u00e9lescope de 92 centim\u00e8tres de diam\u00e8tre. Son miroir avait \u00e9t\u00e9 coul\u00e9 dans un m\u00e9lange de cuivre et d&#8217;\u00e9tain. Trois ans plus tard, il d\u00e9cida de r\u00e9aliser un miroir deux fois plus grand. Le premier miroir se brisa. Par prudence, le comte en fit recouler deux autres. L&#8217;instrument, le L\u00e9viathan, entra en service en 1845, au moment de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futura-sciences.com\/sciences\/questions-reponses\/histoire-grande-famine-irlande-1845-14061\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grande Famine<\/a>.<!--more--><\/p>\n<h5>L&#8217;instrument de la d\u00e9mesure\u00a0 :<\/h5>\n<p>Le t\u00e9lescope se composait d&#8217;un tube principal de 17 m\u00e8tres suspendu entre deux murs de 15 m\u00e8tres de haut. Trois assistants \u00e9taient n\u00e9cessaires pour actionner cordes, cha\u00eenes et poulies. L&#8217;instrument pouvait pointer de l&#8217;horizon au z\u00e9nith. Mais sa conception limitait fortement les mouvements d&#8217;Est en Ouest. On disposait d&#8217;une heure au maximum pour suivre des astres situ\u00e9s sur l&#8217;\u00e9quateur c\u00e9leste. Cette contrainte technique avait \u00e9t\u00e9 impos\u00e9e par la masse du t\u00e9lescope, car il \u00e9tait impossible \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9poque de construire une monture capable de soutenir un tel instrument :<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15709\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15709\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[15707]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15709\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan-450x270.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan-450x270.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan-1024x614.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan-768x460.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15709\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image coloris\u00e9e du L\u00e9viathan \u00e0 la fin du XIXe si\u00e8cle. \u00a9 National Library of Ireland<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>En raison de sa composition, le miroir s&#8217;oxydait rapidement. Mais comme il y en avait deux, on \u00e9changeait le miroir principal tous les six mois. Le miroir enlev\u00e9 \u00e9tait nettoy\u00e9 pendant que les observations se poursuivaient.<\/p>\n<h5>Les galaxies spirales se d\u00e9voilent :<\/h5>\n<p>Jusqu&#8217;en 1917, date d&#8217;entr\u00e9e en service du t\u00e9lescope du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mtwilson.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mont Wilson<\/a> (2,5 m\u00e8tres de diam\u00e8tre), le L\u00e9viathan resta le plus grand du monde. Malgr\u00e9 sa monture inadapt\u00e9e et les caprices de la m\u00e9t\u00e9orologie irlandaise (une soixantaine de nuits claires par an seulement), l&#8217;instrument offrait une vision unique de l&#8217;Univers. On pouvait y observer des astres jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 la <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2017\/05\/06\/quest-lechelle-magnitudes-astronomie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">magnitude<\/a> 18. De nombreux astronomes furent invit\u00e9s \u00e0 venir l&#8217;utiliser : Thomas Romney Robinson, James South, Robert Ball, John Louis Emil Dreyer, Otto Boeddicker&#8230; Ils d\u00e9couvrirent ainsi la structure spiral\u00e9e de certaines galaxies et pr\u00e9cis\u00e8rent la forme de plusieurs n\u00e9buleuses du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futura-sciences.com\/sciences\/definitions\/astronomie-ngc-6380\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>New General Catalogue<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15710\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15710\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan2.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[15707]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15710\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan2-450x254.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan2-450x254.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan2-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2022\/03\/leviathan2.jpg 920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15710\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cahier d&#8217;observation r\u00e9v\u00e9lant la structure spiral\u00e9e de la galaxie des Chiens de Chasse observ\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#8217;aide du L\u00e9viathan.\u00a9 Iain Todd\/BBC Sky at Night Magazine<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>En 1867, Lawrence Parsons prit la succession de son p\u00e8re d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9. Le quatri\u00e8me comte de Rosse se passionnait lui aussi pour l&#8217;astronomie. Dix ans plus tard, le t\u00e9lescope confirma l&#8217;existence de quatre satellites autour d&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.futura-sciences.com\/sciences\/actualites\/astronomie-premiere-observation-rayons-x-emis-uranus-86623\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uranus<\/a> et deux autour de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futura-sciences.com\/sciences\/definitions\/univers-mars-3719\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars<\/a>. Les observations se poursuivirent jusqu&#8217;en 1908, date de la mort de Lawrence Parsons.<\/p>\n<h5>Abandonn\u00e9 puis restaur\u00e9 :<\/h5>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s 1908, le L\u00e9viathan fut abandonn\u00e9. Il fallut attendre les ann\u00e9es 1990 pour qu&#8217;un projet de restauration soutenu par <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2018\/12\/09\/patrick-moore-le-gentleman-de-lastronomie-britannique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Patrick Moore<\/a> voit le jour. On peut d\u00e9sormais admirer l&#8217;instrument dans le parc du ch\u00e2teau de Birr qui s&#8217;est enrichi d&#8217;un <a href=\"https:\/\/birrcastle.com\/science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Historic Science Centre<\/em><\/a>. M\u00eame si on ne fait plus de science avec ce t\u00e9lescope, il nous rappelle combien l&#8217;ing\u00e9niosit\u00e9 du troisi\u00e8me comte de Rosse a chang\u00e9 notre vision de l&#8217;Univers.<\/p>\n<h5>Vous pourriez aimer :<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2021\/02\/03\/portrait-caroline-herschel-astronome-de-lombre-a-la-lumiere\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Portrait : Caroline Herschel, astronome de l&#8217;ombre \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2020\/10\/24\/24-octobre-1601-mort-de-lastronome-danois-tycho-brahe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">24 octobre 1601 : mort de l&#8217;astronome danois Tycho Brahe<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2018\/02\/26\/traces-de-lastronome-camille-flammarion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camille Flammarion, l&#8217;astronome qui a vulgaris\u00e9 l&#8217;astronomie<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Suivez l\u2019actualit\u00e9 astronomique et d\u00e9couvrez mes images du ciel en vous abonnant \u00e0 Cielmania sur\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cielmania\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Facebook<\/a>.<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Construit en 1845 en Irlande, le L\u00e9viathan resta le plus grand t\u00e9lescope du monde (1,83 m\u00e8tre de diam\u00e8tre) jusqu&#8217;en 1917.\u00a0 La passion d&#8217;un comte : Il fut un temps au XIXe si\u00e8cle, o\u00f9 le plus grand t\u00e9lescope du monde se trouvait en Irlande. \u00c0 deux heures de route de Dublin, pr\u00e8s de la ville de &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2022\/10\/28\/en-irlande-lincroyable-histoire-dun-telescope-geant\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">L&#8217;incroyable histoire d&#8217;un t\u00e9lescope g\u00e9ant en Irlande<\/span>  <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":15709,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[2575,3192,96,3191],"class_list":["post-15707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-les-hommes-et-le-ciel","tag-irlande","tag-leviathan","tag-telescope","tag-william-parsons"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.1 - 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