{"id":13701,"date":"2021-07-23T08:52:37","date_gmt":"2021-07-23T08:52:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/?p=13701"},"modified":"2022-02-11T17:42:49","modified_gmt":"2022-02-11T17:42:49","slug":"vera-rubin-lastronome-invisible-qui-nous-a-revele-la-matiere-noire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2021\/07\/23\/vera-rubin-lastronome-invisible-qui-nous-a-revele-la-matiere-noire\/","title":{"rendered":"Vera Rubin, l&#8217;astronome qui a imagin\u00e9 la mati\u00e8re noire"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Rare femme astronome dans un monde d&#8217;hommes, Vera Rubin soup\u00e7onna la premi\u00e8re l&#8217;existence de la mati\u00e8re noire dans l&#8217;Univers.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h5>La t\u00eate dans les \u00e9toiles :<\/h5>\n<p>Vera Rubin est n\u00e9e le 23 juillet 1928 \u00e0 Philadelphie. Sa passion pour l&#8217;observation des \u00e9toiles d\u00e9bute \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2ge de 12 ans. Son p\u00e8re lui construit alors un petit t\u00e9lescope avec lequel elle prend ses premi\u00e8res photos astronomiques. Vera Rubin poursuit ses \u00e9tudes au <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vassar.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vassar College<\/a> \u00e0 New York, seule universit\u00e9 qui accueille des femmes \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9poque. Sa th\u00e8se, sous la direction de <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Gamow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">George Gamow<\/a>, porte sur la distribution des galaxies dans l&#8217;Univers. Elle obtient son dipl\u00f4me d&#8217;astronomie en 1954.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13702\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13702\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera1.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[13701]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13702\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera1-450x326.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera1-450x326.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera1-1024x741.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera1-768x556.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13702\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vera Rubin s&#8217;int\u00e9ressa toute jeune \u00e0 l&#8217;astronomie. \u00a9 American Institute of Physics<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Tout au long de ses ann\u00e9es d&#8217;\u00e9tudes, elle c\u00f4toie de nombreuses personnalit\u00e9s. On peut citer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futura-sciences.com\/sciences\/personnalites\/physique-richard-feynman-231\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richard Feynman<\/a> (l&#8217;un des physiciens les plus influents de la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XX\u1d49 si\u00e8cle) ou encore <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futura-sciences.com\/sciences\/definitions\/astronomie-cycle-bethe-5018\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hans Bethe<\/a>. <!--more--><\/p>\n<h5>Des galaxies \u00e0 la mati\u00e8re noire :<\/h5>\n<p>En 1963, Vera Rubin fait ses premi\u00e8res observations avec un t\u00e9lescope professionnel, le 85 cm de l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2021\/02\/04\/orage-sur-lobservatoire-de-kitt-peak-lhistoire-dun-celebre-cliche\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Observatoire de Kitt Peak<\/a>. Gr\u00e2ce au soutien d&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.futura-sciences.com\/sciences\/actualites\/astronomie-allan-sandage-rejoint-etoiles-26121\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Allan Sandage<\/a>, elle travaille l&#8217;ann\u00e9e suivante \u00e0 l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.futura-sciences.com\/sciences\/definitions\/astronomie-observatoire-mont-palomar-4769\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Observatoire du Mont Palomar<\/a>, alors interdit aux femmes. Ses recherches ne l&#8217;emp\u00eachent pas d&#8217;am\u00e9nager ses horaires pour pouvoir \u00e9lever ses quatre enfants.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13703\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13703\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera2.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[13701]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13703\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera2-450x272.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera2-450x272.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera2-768x465.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera2.jpg 884w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13703\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vera Rubin au Lowell Observatory en 1965. \u00a9 Smithsonian Institution<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Vera Rubin d\u00e9couvre que les \u00e9toiles ne tournent pas toutes dans le m\u00eame sens au sein des galaxies. Elle remarque \u00e9galement que les \u00e9toiles \u00e0 la p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie des\u00a0 galaxies tournent aussi rapidement que celles au centre. Elle propose alors d&#8217;ajouter une certaine quantit\u00e9 de mati\u00e8re invisible (la mati\u00e8re noire) dans ces galaxies pour expliquer leur comportement.\u00a0 Cette id\u00e9e avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9mise en 1930 par l\u2019astronome suisse Fritz Zwicky.<\/p>\n<h5>Un exemple pour les femmes :<\/h5>\n<p>Vera Rubin a \u00e9t\u00e9 la lumi\u00e8re qui a guid\u00e9 une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de femmes astronomes. Le pr\u00e9sident Bill Clinton lui a remis la <em>National Medal of Science. <\/em>Une r\u00e9compense pour ses recherches pionni\u00e8res en cosmologie qui ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la plus grande partie de l&#8217;Univers est sombre.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13704\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13704\" style=\"width: 323px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera3.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[13701]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13704\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera3-323x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera3-323x450.jpg 323w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera3-736x1024.jpg 736w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera3-768x1068.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera3.jpg 849w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13704\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vera Rubin, rare femme astronome dans un monde d&#8217;hommes, n&#8217;a jamais re\u00e7u le Nobel qu&#8217;elle m\u00e9ritait. \u00a9 Mark Godfrey<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2021\/02\/03\/portrait-caroline-herschel-astronome-de-lombre-a-la-lumiere\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Caroline Herschel<\/a> en 1828, elle a re\u00e7u la m\u00e9daille d&#8217;or de la <em>Royal Astronomical Society<\/em>. Elle a \u00e9galement pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 l\u2019<em>US International Astronomy Union<\/em>. L&#8217;astronome est morte le 25 d\u00e9cembre 2016 sans avoir re\u00e7u le prix Nobel qu&#8217;elle aurait m\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h5>Le LSST :<\/h5>\n<p>Vera Rubin est l&#8217;une des rares femmes \u00e0 donner son nom \u00e0 un observatoire. Le <em>Vera Rubin Observatory<\/em> se dresse dans la Cordill\u00e8re des Andes, au sommet du Cerro Pachon. Equip\u00e9 d&#8217;un miroir principal de 8,4 m de diam\u00e8tre, son t\u00e9lescope renverra la lumi\u00e8re capt\u00e9e vers une gigantesque cam\u00e9ra dot\u00e9e de 3,2 milliards de pixels.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_13705\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13705\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera4.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[13701]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13705\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera4-450x281.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera4-450x281.jpg 450w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera4-768x479.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/03\/vera4.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-13705\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Le Vera Rubin Observatory actuellement en construction au Chili. \u00a9 LSST Project\/ NSF<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Il sera capable de scanner l\u2019ensemble de la vo\u00fbte c\u00e9leste en seulement trois nuits et de cartographier 40 milliards de galaxies. Ce relev\u00e9 du ciel sera appel\u00e9 <em>Legacy Survey of Space and Time<\/em> (LSST) et il pourra \u00eatre mod\u00e9lis\u00e9 en trois dimensions.<\/p>\n<h5>Vous pourriez aimer :<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2016\/07\/06\/chili-photographes-plus-pres-etoiles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chili : des photographes au plus pr\u00e8s des \u00e9toiles<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2016\/08\/17\/abell-2151-jeune-amas-galaxies-hercule\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abell 2151, un jeune amas de galaxies dans Hercule<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2021\/01\/20\/le-cerro-tololo-un-observatoire-dans-la-cordillere-des-andes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Le Cerro Tololo, un observatoire dans la Cordill\u00e8re des Andes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Suivez l\u2019actualit\u00e9 astronomique et d\u00e9couvrez mes images du ciel en vous abonnant \u00e0 Cielmania sur\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cielmania\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Facebook<\/a>\u00a0ou\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/cielmania\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Twitter<\/a>.<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rare femme astronome dans un monde d&#8217;hommes, Vera Rubin soup\u00e7onna la premi\u00e8re l&#8217;existence de la mati\u00e8re noire dans l&#8217;Univers. La t\u00eate dans les \u00e9toiles : Vera Rubin est n\u00e9e le 23 juillet 1928 \u00e0 Philadelphie. Sa passion pour l&#8217;observation des \u00e9toiles d\u00e9bute \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2ge de 12 ans. Son p\u00e8re lui construit alors un petit t\u00e9lescope &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2021\/07\/23\/vera-rubin-lastronome-invisible-qui-nous-a-revele-la-matiere-noire\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Vera Rubin, l&#8217;astronome qui a imagin\u00e9 la mati\u00e8re noire<\/span>  <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":15512,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[112,2439,3003,3002],"class_list":["post-13701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-les-hommes-et-le-ciel","tag-galaxie","tag-lsst","tag-matiere-noire","tag-vera-rubin"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.1 - 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