{"id":10697,"date":"2019-05-25T06:53:42","date_gmt":"2019-05-25T06:53:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/?p=10697"},"modified":"2019-06-12T05:32:39","modified_gmt":"2019-06-12T05:32:39","slug":"leclipse-deinstein-fete-ses-100-ans","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/feldmann\/2019\/05\/25\/leclipse-deinstein-fete-ses-100-ans\/","title":{"rendered":"L’\u00e9clipse d’Einstein f\u00eate ses 100 ans"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le 29 mai 1919 l’observation d’une \u00e9clipse totale de Soleil apporta la premi\u00e8re confirmation de la th\u00e9orie de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale d’Einstein.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Une th\u00e9orie r\u00e9volutionnaire :<\/h5>\n

La th\u00e9orie de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/a> est aujourd’hui unanimement reconnue. Pour Albert Einstein (1879-1955) ce fut ce qu’il appela la plus heureuse id\u00e9e de sa vie. Elle provoqua cependant quelques remous lorsqu’il l’\u00e9non\u00e7a en 1915. Comment faire accepter aux physiciens cette audacieuse th\u00e9orie ? Comment appr\u00e9hender l’id\u00e9e que, comme le r\u00e9suma le physicien am\u00e9ricain J. A. Wheeler (1911-2008), “la mati\u00e8re dit \u00e0 l’espace comment s’incurver et l’espace dit \u00e0 la mati\u00e8re comment se mouvoir” ?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Albert Einstein en 1947. \u00a9 O. J. Turner, Princeton, N.J. \u2014 The Library of Congress<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Convaincre les septiques :<\/h5>\n

Einstein proposa un moyen \u00e9l\u00e9gant de confirmer l’id\u00e9e que la masse d\u00e9forme l’espace en utilisant une \u00e9clipse de Soleil<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la photographie nous pouvons conna\u00eetre avec pr\u00e9cision la s\u00e9paration apparente entre les \u00e9toiles d’un amas ouvert. Imaginons que le Soleil vu depuis la Terre se trouve \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de cet amas : la lumi\u00e8re des \u00e9toiles les plus proches subit une d\u00e9viation plus importante que les \u00e9toiles les plus \u00e9loign\u00e9es, ce qu’un clich\u00e9 devrait confirmer. Pour voir les \u00e9toiles \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du Soleil, il faut qu’il soit masqu\u00e9 par la Lune<\/a>. Or le 29 mai 1919 les astronomes savaient qu’allait se produire une \u00e9clipse totale de Soleil \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de l’amas des Hyades<\/a> !<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Plaques photographiques n\u00e9gatives et positives de l\u2019\u00e9clipse totale de 1919. Les tirets indiquent les \u00e9toiles qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es pour mesurer la d\u00e9viation de la lumi\u00e8re aux abords du Soleil comme le pr\u00e9voyait la th\u00e9orie de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. \u00a9 Eddington, Sobral, 1919.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Une \u00e9clipse tr\u00e8s attendue :<\/h5>\n

Au d\u00e9but de l’ann\u00e9e 1919, L’astrophysicien britannique Arthur Stanley Eddington r\u00e9alisa un certain nombre de clich\u00e9s nocturnes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Hyades. L’amas \u00e9tait \u00e0 ce moment tr\u00e8s \u00e9loign\u00e9 du Soleil et n’\u00e9tait donc pas affect\u00e9 par la masse de notre \u00e9toile. Puis il organisa deux exp\u00e9ditions\u00a0 britanniques pour le mois de mai. Celle d’Eddington mit le cap sur le Golfe de Guin\u00e9e \u00e0 350 kilom\u00e8tres des c\u00f4tes du Gabon. La seconde exp\u00e9dition alla \u00e0 Sobral au nord-est du Br\u00e9sil. Malgr\u00e9 un ciel voil\u00e9 le 29 mai, Eddington parvint \u00e0 photographier les \u00e9toiles de l’amas des Hyades \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du Soleil \u00e9clips\u00e9. Quant aux images prises \u00e0 Sobral elles \u00e9taient encore meilleures.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Les r\u00e9sultats de l’\u00e9clipse du 29 mai 1919 rapport\u00e9s dans la presse. \u00a9 New York Times, 10 novembre 1919 (gauche); Illustrated London News, 22 novembre 1919 (droite).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Et Einstein devint c\u00e9l\u00e8bre :<\/h5>\n

Apr\u00e8s son retour \u00e0 Cambridge et l’analyse des clich\u00e9s, Eddington annon\u00e7a qu’il avait mesur\u00e9 sur une plaque photographique un \u00e9cart en accord avec la th\u00e9orie d’Einstein. M\u00eame si l’examen ult\u00e9rieur des images d’Eddington n’a jamais vraiment permis de confirmer son annonce, elle d\u00e9clencha une vague d’enthousiasme et popularisa la th\u00e9orie de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. Pourtant tr\u00e8s peu de gens pouvaient la comprendre. Une anecdote c\u00e9l\u00e8bre en dit long : lorsqu’on signala \u00e0 Eddington qu’il devait \u00eatre l’un des trois hommes au monde qui puisse vraiment comprendre cette th\u00e9orie, il r\u00e9pondit qu’il se demandait qui pouvait \u00eatre le troisi\u00e8me !<\/p>\n

Cent ans plus tard, la th\u00e9orie de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale n’a encore jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 prise en d\u00e9faut…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le 29 mai 1919 l’observation d’une \u00e9clipse totale de Soleil apporta la premi\u00e8re confirmation de la th\u00e9orie de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale d’Einstein.\u00a0 Une th\u00e9orie r\u00e9volutionnaire : La th\u00e9orie de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale est aujourd’hui unanimement reconnue. Pour Albert Einstein (1879-1955) ce fut ce qu’il appela la plus heureuse id\u00e9e de sa vie. Elle provoqua cependant … Continuer la lecture de L’\u00e9clipse d’Einstein f\u00eate ses 100 ans<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":5206,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[509],"tags":[874,863,2678,1241,873],"class_list":["post-10697","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualites","tag-albert-einstein","tag-amas-des-hyades","tag-arthur-stanley-eddington","tag-eclipse-de-soleil","tag-relativite-generale"],"yoast_head":"\nL'\u00e9clipse d'Einstein f\u00eate ses 100 ans<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le 29 mai 1919 l'observation d'une \u00e9clipse totale de Soleil apporta la premi\u00e8re confirmation de la th\u00e9orie de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale d'Einstein.\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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