{"id":327,"date":"2014-06-09T14:50:30","date_gmt":"2014-06-09T14:50:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/aslangul\/?p=327"},"modified":"2015-01-13T14:50:16","modified_gmt":"2015-01-13T14:50:16","slug":"ordinateur-quantique-nsa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/aslangul\/2014\/06\/09\/ordinateur-quantique-nsa\/","title":{"rendered":"L’ordinateur quantique de la NSA"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tout r\u00e9cemment, l’actualit\u00e9 a vibr\u00e9 autour de l’ordinateur quantique de la NSA, le Washington Post<\/em> relayant les (fausses ?) confidences d’Edward Snowden. Pr\u00e9senter comme un scoop<\/em> l’existence de recherches en la mati\u00e8re faites par les grandes oreilles d’Obama rel\u00e8ve de la plaisanterie : il est bien \u00e9vident que l’importance des enjeux justifie que toute officine de renseignements, o\u00f9 qu’elle soit et au service de qui que ce soit, se doit d’\u00eatre associ\u00e9e \u00e0 de telles \u00e9tudes, voire d’ouvrir son portefeuille pour participer \u00e0 leur financement.<\/p>\n

Les enjeux sont connus : avec ses possibilit\u00e9s en nombre infini non d\u00e9nombrable<\/em>, l’ordinateur quantique renverra son anc\u00eatre conventionnel, celui que nous utilisons tous aujourd’hui, au rayon des antiquit\u00e9s m\u00e9di\u00e9vales. Il sera capable, notamment, d’effectuer (plus ou moins rapidement) des calculs qui sont aujourd’hui inenvisageables, m\u00eame avec les calculateurs les plus puissants fonctionnant massivement en parall\u00e8le, par exemple de factoriser un grand nombre en ses facteurs premiers, une op\u00e9ration qui est au c\u0153ur d’algorithmes de cryptage utilis\u00e9s quotidiennement \u00e0 notre insu comme celui \u00e0 l’origine du code d’une carte bancaire.<\/p>\n

\"Richard<\/a>
Richard P. Feynman, l’un des pionniers de l’ordinateur quantique. C\u00e9l\u00e8bre aussi pour ses formulations parfois provocatrices, on lui doit cette affirmation : “Si vous croyez comprendre la m\u00e9canique quantique, c\u2019est que vous ne la comprenez pas”.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Alors, qu’en est-il ? Sur le plan de la recherche pure et \u00e0 la connaissance du milieu acad\u00e9mique ou industriel, civil en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, il semble que l’on est encore loin du compte et que cet ordinateur miracle est hors de port\u00e9e, peut-\u00eatre pour des d\u00e9cennies encore. Si l’on sait aujourd’hui r\u00e9aliser des circuits capables d’effectuer quelques op\u00e9rations et de jouer le r\u00f4le des briques \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires exig\u00e9es par la Logique, la difficult\u00e9 est de les assembler en assez grand nombre pour qu’ils ne soient pas cantonn\u00e9s \u00e0 des op\u00e9rations qu’un enfant de CP n’aurait aucun mal \u00e0 effectuer. L’obstacle majeur, et redoutable, est que plus le syst\u00e8me grossit, plus la coh\u00e9rence quantique est difficile \u00e0 pr\u00e9server, or c’est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment elle qui donne \u00e0 un circuit quantique ses possibilit\u00e9s ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nales… D’autres complications doivent d’ailleurs \u00eatre surmont\u00e9es, comme celle permettant de concevoir des codes correcteurs d’erreur fiables, une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 absolue pour toute machine, alors que la Th\u00e9orie quantique — dont on attend justement les miracles qu’elle seule peut accomplir — est du genre donnant – donnant<\/em> et impose ses r\u00e8gles et th\u00e9or\u00e8mes comme celui dit du non-clonage quantique<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tout r\u00e9cemment, l’actualit\u00e9 a vibr\u00e9 autour de l’ordinateur quantique de la NSA, le Washington Post relayant les (fausses ?) confidences d’Edward Snowden. Pr\u00e9senter comme un scoop l’existence de recherches en la mati\u00e8re faites par les grandes oreilles d’Obama rel\u00e8ve de la plaisanterie : il est bien \u00e9vident que l’importance des enjeux justifie que toute officine … Continuer la lecture de L’ordinateur quantique de la NSA<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":328,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[87,86],"class_list":["post-327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sciences","tag-nsa","tag-ordinateur-quantique"],"yoast_head":"\nL'ordinateur quantique de la NSA, par Claude Aslangul<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/aslangul\/2014\/06\/09\/ordinateur-quantique-nsa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L'ordinateur quantique de la NSA, par Claude Aslangul\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tout r\u00e9cemment, l’actualit\u00e9 a vibr\u00e9 autour de l’ordinateur quantique de la NSA, le Washington Post relayant les (fausses ?) confidences d’Edward Snowden. 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